In the UK, BS EN 206-1 defines High strength concrete as concrete with a compressive strength class higher than C50/60. High-strength concrete has a compressive strength greater than 40 MPa (6000 psi). Organic materials (leaves, twigs, etc.) should be removed from the sand and stone to ensure the highest strength. The sand should be mortar or brick sand (washed and filtered if possible) and the stone should be washed if possible. This would make 1-cubic-foot (0.028 m 3) of concrete and would weigh about 143 lb (65 kg). The parts are in terms of weight – not volume. Typically, a batch of concrete can be made by using 1 part Portland cement, 2 parts dry sand, 3 parts dry stone, 1/2 part water. Many types of pre-mixed concrete are available which include powdered cement mixed with an aggregate, needing only water. Regular concrete can typically withstand a pressure from about 10 MPa (1450 psi) to 40 MPa (5800 psi), with lighter duty uses such as blinding concrete having a much lower MPa rating than structural concrete. The ingredients in any particular mix depends on the nature of the application. Regular concrete is the lay term for concrete that is produced by following the mixing instructions that are commonly published on packets of cement, typically using sand or other common material as the aggregate, and often mixed in improvised containers. In the 19th and later centuries, the term artificial stone has encompassed various human-made stones including numerous cemented concretes. There is no single precise formula that differentiates composition stone from other lime-cemented concretes, which is unsurprising because the term predates modern chemical science, being attested since at latest the 1790s. Some types of concrete used to make garden sculptures and planters have been called composition stone or composite stone. Besides regular Roman concrete, the Romans also invented hydraulic concrete, which they made from volcanic ash and clay. Besides volcanic ash for making regular Roman concrete, brick dust can also be used. Roman concrete was superior to other concrete recipes (for example, those consisting of only sand and lime) used by other cultures. Regular Roman concrete for example was made from volcanic ash ( pozzolana), and hydrated lime.
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Such software provides the user an opportunity to select their preferred method of mix design and enter the material data to arrive at proper mix designs.Ĭoncrete has been used since ancient times. Various types of concrete have been developed for specialist application and have become known by these names.Ĭoncrete mixes can also be designed using software programs. This allows a user of the concrete to be confident that the structure will perform properly. The method of mixing will also be specified, as well as conditions that it may be used in. Many factors need to be taken into account, from the cost of the various additives and aggregates, to the trade offs between the "slump" for easy mixing and placement and ultimate performance.Ī mix is then designed using cement (Portland or other cementitious material), coarse and fine aggregates, water and chemical admixtures. The compressive strength of a concrete is determined by taking standard molded, standard-cured cylinder samples. These requirements take into consideration the weather conditions that the concrete will be exposed to in service, and the required design strength. The design begins by determining the requirements of the concrete.
The choice of a concrete mix depends on the need of the project both in terms of strength and appearance and in relation to local legislation and building codes. Modern concrete mix designs can be complex.
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